{"id":244,"date":"2021-05-19T09:14:02","date_gmt":"2021-05-19T09:14:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mellifiq.com\/academy\/?page_id=244"},"modified":"2021-09-15T14:02:56","modified_gmt":"2021-09-15T14:02:56","slug":"industrial-water-treatment","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/fi\/knowledge-base\/industrial-water-treatment","title":{"rendered":"Industrial water treatment"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n<nav class=\"block navigation-links\">\n    <div class=\"container-fluid\">\n        <ul>\n                \n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"#purification\" style=\"--navigation-link-color: #ffffff; --navigation-link-bg: #00a3e1;--navigation-active-link-color: #000000; --navigation-active-link-bg: #e6f7ff;\">\n                        Water purification                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n    \n                \n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"#deionized\" style=\"--navigation-link-color: #ffffff; --navigation-link-bg: #00a3e1;--navigation-active-link-color: #000000; --navigation-active-link-bg: #e6f7ff;\">\n                        Deionized water                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n    \n                \n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"#bleaching\" style=\"--navigation-link-color: #ffffff; --navigation-link-bg: #00a3e1;--navigation-active-link-color: #000000; --navigation-active-link-bg: #e6f7ff;\">\n                        Bleaching                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n    \n                \n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"#bod\" style=\"--navigation-link-color: #ffffff; --navigation-link-bg: #00a3e1;--navigation-active-link-color: #000000; --navigation-active-link-bg: #e6f7ff;\">\n                        BOD &#038; COD                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n    \n                \n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"#bottled\" style=\"--navigation-link-color: #ffffff; --navigation-link-bg: #00a3e1;--navigation-active-link-color: #000000; --navigation-active-link-bg: #e6f7ff;\">\n                        Bottled water production                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n    \n                \n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"#towers\" style=\"--navigation-link-color: #ffffff; --navigation-link-bg: #00a3e1;--navigation-active-link-color: #000000; --navigation-active-link-bg: #e6f7ff;\">\n                        Cooling towers                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n    \n                \n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"#pharmaceutical\" style=\"--navigation-link-color: #ffffff; --navigation-link-bg: #00a3e1;--navigation-active-link-color: #000000; --navigation-active-link-bg: #e6f7ff;\">\n                        Pharmaceutical residues                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n    \n                \n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"#disinfection\" style=\"--navigation-link-color: #ffffff; --navigation-link-bg: #00a3e1;--navigation-active-link-color: #000000; --navigation-active-link-bg: #e6f7ff;\">\n                        Water disinfection                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n    \n                \n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"#aroma\" style=\"--navigation-link-color: #ffffff; --navigation-link-bg: #00a3e1;--navigation-active-link-color: #000000; --navigation-active-link-bg: #e6f7ff;\">\n                        Aroma compounds                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n    \n                \n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"#other\" style=\"--navigation-link-color: #ffffff; --navigation-link-bg: #00a3e1;--navigation-active-link-color: #000000; --navigation-active-link-bg: #e6f7ff;\">\n                        Other applications                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n    \n                    <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n<\/nav>\n\n\n\n\n<section\n    id=\"purification\"\n    class=\"block content-block\"\n\tstyle=\"--cb-bg: #fff; --cb-content: #000; \"\n>\n    \n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h3><\/h3>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>Water purification &amp; water treatment<\/h3>\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<p>Ozone and ozone generators are used in various water treatment applications where a highly efficient and environmentally friendly treatment method is required.<\/p>\n<p>By using ozone, oxidation and AOP (Advanced Oxidation Process) you can effectively reduce or completely remove contaminants, toxins and many other substances, in various applications.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section\n    id=\"deionized\"\n    class=\"block content-block\"\n\tstyle=\"--cb-bg: #e6e6e6; --cb-content: #000; padding-top: 30px; padding-bottom: 30px;\"\n>\n    \n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h3>Deionized water<\/h3>\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<p>Deionized water is used in a wide range of applications, from cleaning laboratory equipment to rinsing and cleaning in micro manufacturing processes. The problem with deionization is that it is not possible to use traditional disinfectants as this jeopardizes water quality. Ozone treatment offers a solution to this problem.<\/p>\n<div id=\"avjoniserat\"><\/div>\n<p>Ozone treatment of deionized water takes place when the ionization system is decontaminated. Ozone dissolves in the deionized water and cleanses the system of bacteria within a few hours.<\/p>\n<div id=\"blekning\"><\/div>\n<p>It can be washed away from the system almost as quickly. The use of ozone means that the level of bacteria-carrying particles (CFU) is reduced and the level of TOC (Total Organic Compounds) can be controlled. It also means that the deionized water can be used more than once, providing both economic and environmental benefits.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section\n    id=\"bleaching\"\n    class=\"block content-block\"\n\tstyle=\"--cb-bg: #fff; --cb-content: #000; \"\n>\n    \n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h3>Bleaching<\/h3>\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<p>In the pulp and paper industry, for example, bleaching has traditionally been achieved using chlorine-based substances. However, the use of these substances has begun to be covered by stricter guidelines and therefore alternative solutions are used.<\/p>\n<p>Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent even at low temperatures, which means it has a fast reaction time and effective bleaching properties. This makes it possible to eliminate the acute toxicity and chlorophenols, which increases the biodegradability of the effluent water. The result of this procedure is twofold, where the first part is<\/p>\n<div id=\"bodcod\"><\/div>\n<p>about improving the environment and thus it is also easier to follow the requirements of the legislation. The second part is that ozone treatment allows the water quality to reach such a high level that it is possible to recycle and reuse the water. In this way, the total water consumption in the process is reduced and the treatment becomes economically and environmentally better.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section\n    id=\"bod\"\n    class=\"block content-block\"\n\tstyle=\"--cb-bg: #e6e6e6; --cb-content: #000; padding-top: 30px; padding-bottom: 30px;\"\n>\n    \n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h3>BOD and COD reduction with ozone treatment<\/h3>\n<p>COD, short for \u201cChemical Oxygen Demand\u201d, is a measure of water quality that measures the amount of chemically oxidizable material in the water. In other words, COD measures the oxygen demand in the water at total oxidation of the water content and therefore gives a good indication of, for example, the amount of organic material that the water contains. It is therefore an effective tool for creating an image of the environmental impact of any emissions of, for example, wastewater into the environment. BOD, short for \u201cBiological Oxygen Demand\u201d, also measures the oxygen demand in the water, but bases the oxygen demand on the amount of oxygen consumed when microorganisms are responsible for the oxidation process (instead of a chemical oxidant as in the case of the COD measure). The BOD value of a typical water is usually lower than the COD value because often all COD is not completely biologically oxidizable. Typical COD values for industrial wastewater range from 200 \u2013 40,000 mg \/ L. Typical COD values for municipal wastewater are about 100 \u2013 450 mg \/ L. The figure below shows a simple categorization of water based on the COD concept, and also to what extent ozone can be used to treat the water.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1286\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1286\" class=\"wp-image-1286 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/cod_bod_chart-1024x705.png\" alt=\"COD and BOD industrial water ozone treatment \" width=\"1024\" height=\"705\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/cod_bod_chart-1024x705.png 1024w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/cod_bod_chart-300x207.png 300w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/cod_bod_chart-768x529.png 768w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/cod_bod_chart.png 1086w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1286\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>COD and BOD industrial water ozone treatment <\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Some industrial wastewater contains particularly high concentrations of up to 1000 ppm (COD). Examples of such industries are e.g. breweries, dairies, mining industry, and pulp industry. According to the figure above, COD can further be divided into biodegradable and biodegradable COD. See the upcoming sections for a more detailed description.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section\n    id=\"biologically\"\n    class=\"block content-block\"\n\tstyle=\"--cb-bg: #e6e6e6; --cb-content: #000; padding-top: 30px; padding-bottom: 30px;\"\n>\n    \n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Biologically non-degradable COD<\/h4>\n<p>This type of COD cannot be degraded biologically for various reasons, and is therefore passed through. Some examples are chemically stable pesticides, industrial process chemicals (such as halogenated organic substances), and hormones. The table below shows the ozone requirements for some typical substances of this type.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content table-wrapper wp-caption\" style=\"--table-text-color-header: #FFFFFF; --table-text-color-rows: #000000; --table-background-color-header: #5f5f5f; --table-background-color-rows-even: #efefef; --table-background-color-rows-odd: #dfdfdf; \">\n                            \n<table id=\"tablepress-11\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-11\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Topic<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">BOD5\/COD ratio<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">COD:O3 ratio<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Drugs<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.1<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">6:1 to 3:1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Resistant organic substances<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.2<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">5:2 to 2:1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Aldehydes<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.3<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">7:1 to 4:1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Amines<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.5<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">4:1 to 3:1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-11 from cache -->                                        <p class=\"wp-caption\">The lower the BOD \/ COD ratio, the less biodegradable is the chemical.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Biodegradable COD<\/h4>\n<p>This type of COD can further be divided into biodegradable substances and biodegradable COD. The hard-to-break down category typically consists of poorly soluble particles, colloids or more complex structures (e.g. polymeric materials). The table below shows the ozone requirements for some typical substances of this type.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content table-wrapper wp-caption\" style=\"--table-text-color-header: #FFFFFF; --table-text-color-rows: #000000; --table-background-color-header: #5f5f5f; --table-background-color-rows-even: #efefef; --table-background-color-rows-odd: #dfdfdf; \">\n                            \n<table id=\"tablepress-12\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-12\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Substance<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">BOD5\/COD ratio<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">COD:O3 ratio<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Fatty acids<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.4<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">2:3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Nutrients<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.6<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">7:1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Proteins<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.7<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">6:2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Alcohols<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.9<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">5:3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Sugars<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.7<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">4:2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-12 from cache -->                                        <p class=\"wp-caption\">The table below also shows typical COD and BOD5 values for this type of substance.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <p>The table below also shows typical COD and BOD5 values for this type of substance.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content table-wrapper \" style=\"--table-text-color-header: #FFFFFF; --table-text-color-rows: #000000; --table-background-color-header: #5f5f5f; --table-background-color-rows-even: #efefef; --table-background-color-rows-odd: #dfdfdf; \">\n                            \n<table id=\"tablepress-13\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-13\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Type of measure of oxygen demand (mg\/L)<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Municipal wastewater<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">Food<\/th><th class=\"column-4\">Chemical and pharmaceutical industry<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">BOD5<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">200-300<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">450-1100<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">250-1000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">COD<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">450-700<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">1450-2200<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">2000-18750<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-13 from cache -->                                <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Ozone<\/h4>\n<p>Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent that is easily soluble in water. It provides the opportunity to break down \/ oxidize \/ deactivate potentially hazardous chemical substances without adding more to the water than oxygen atoms taken directly from the air we breathe. Any remaining ozone that is not consumed during treatment returns to oxygen, naturally or through a catalyzed process. More detailed information can be found on the following page. The following sections describe some of the potential benefits of ozone-based treatment methods for treating organic substances in various types of wastewater.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) with ozone<\/h4>\n<p>AOP processes use highly reactive short-lived substances called radicals to degrade, particularly hard-to-break down substances. These radicals are stronger oxidizing agents than, for example, ozone and the reaction rate is about a million times faster. This leads to faster reaction times, shorter processes and ultimately more compact process equipment and more efficient degradation processes. AOP can also be used to achieve total oxidation when the purity requirement is particularly high. A chemical description of the reaction mechanism for some types of AOPs is shown in the table below.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content table-wrapper \" style=\"--table-text-color-header: #FFFFFF; --table-text-color-rows: #000000; --table-background-color-header: #5f5f5f; --table-background-color-rows-even: #efefef; --table-background-color-rows-odd: #dfdfdf; \">\n                            \n<table id=\"tablepress-14\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-14\">\n<tbody class=\"row-striping\">\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Iron oxide<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Fe<sup>3+<\/sup>+ O<sub>3<\/sub> \u2192 (FeO)<sup>2+<\/sup> +OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup> + O<sub>2<\/sub> + H+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Hydrogen peroxide<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">O<sub>3<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O2 + H<sub>2<\/sub>O -> 2O<sub>2<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O + OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup> + H<sup>+<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">UV radiation<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">O<sub>3<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O -> O<sub>2<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>2<\/sub>2O<sub>3<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>2<\/sub> -> 2OH + 3O<sub>2<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-14 from cache -->                                <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <p>Other AOP methods can include a combination of titanium dioxide and UV techniques to produce hydroxyl radicals.<\/p>\n<p>The example below shows the result from Ozonetech\u2019s pilot facility with and without AOP for treatment of industrial wastewater effluents.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1290\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1290\" class=\"wp-image-1290 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/bodcod_treatment_with_ozone-aop_curve-1024x632.png\" alt=\"Ozone and AOP treatment industrial water BOD\/COD\" width=\"1024\" height=\"632\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/bodcod_treatment_with_ozone-aop_curve-1024x632.png 1024w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/bodcod_treatment_with_ozone-aop_curve-300x185.png 300w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/bodcod_treatment_with_ozone-aop_curve-768x474.png 768w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/bodcod_treatment_with_ozone-aop_curve-1536x948.png 1536w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/bodcod_treatment_with_ozone-aop_curve.png 1574w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1290\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ozone and AOP treatment industrial water BOD\/COD<\/p><\/div>\n<p>An ozone based AOP is beneficial in situations where ozone alone cannot achieve complete oxidation of wastewater compounds. In these instances, AOP can be successfully applied to improve the reaction kinetics to remove even the most complex substances. This can clearly be observed in the graph above.<\/p>\n<p>Ozonetech has extensive experience in treating complex organic streams from the process industry, pharmaceutical industry and food &amp; beverage production. We offer pilot projects in order to customize solutions for full scale ozone based treatment systems. More information about feasibility studies and pilot projects can be found here.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section\n    id=\"\"\n    class=\"block content-block\"\n\tstyle=\"--cb-bg: #fff; --cb-content: #000; \"\n>\n    \n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h3>Disinfection of process equipment and CIP systems<\/h3>\n<p>Throughout the industrial sector, food &amp; beverage, dairy facilities, process industry and pharmaceutical plants, large amounts of water, energy and chemicals are consumed in order to maintain clean and sanitized process equipment. Equipment such as tanks, pipes, valves, heat exchangers and filling machines need to be kept free from unwanted microorganisms, biofilm, deposits and chemical residues. Failure to maintain clean process equipment may lead to the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ruined final product \u2013 Large volumes may need to be disposed<\/li>\n<li>Inefficient heat exchangers \u2013 Increased operating costs<\/li>\n<li>Heavy maintenance<\/li>\n<li>Increased need for chemicals, water &amp; energy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h5>Clean-in-Place<\/h5>\n<h5>CIP basics<\/h5>\n<p>Clean-in-Place (CIP) is one of the most common unit operations throughout the industrial sector and is crucial in order to clean process equipment between different batches to ensure the quality of the products. Today, these processes are fully automatic with central CIP stations installed which serve the whole plant\u2019s process equipment cleaning and sanitation needs. They enable cleaning cycles inside pipes and tanks which are otherwise inaccessible for plant staff. Typically, it includes the following steps:<\/p>\n<p><em>Typical CIP phases in process equipment cleaning and sanitation.<\/em><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content table-wrapper \" style=\"--table-text-color-header: #FFFFFF; --table-text-color-rows: #000000; --table-background-color-header: #5f5f5f; --table-background-color-rows-even: #efefef; --table-background-color-rows-odd: #dfdfdf; \">\n                            \n<table id=\"tablepress-15\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-15\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">CIP cycle step<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Purpose<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">Cleaning agent<\/th><th class=\"column-4\">Challenges<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">1. Pre-rinse<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Removing the majority of organic material from the previous production.<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Water.<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">High water demand, wastewater loads.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">2. Caustic or acid cleaning<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Cleaning organic material and particles which have adhered to internal surfaces of the process equipment. Acid cleaning may also remove inorganic particles to avoid deposits. This removes the surface of unwanted microbial growth.<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Sodium or potassium hydroxide, various acids.<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">Chemical handling, costly.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">3. Rinse<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Rinses away caustic or acid from previous cleaning steps.<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Water.<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">High water demand, wastewater loads.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">4. Sanitation &amp; disinfection<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Ensuring microbial (bacteria, viruses, algae) free process equipment. Even a few microbes may cause contamination of the final product.<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Chlorine based agents, peracetic acid (PAA), hot water, steam, iodophores.<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">Ensuring complete removal of bacteria. High costs. Time consuming.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">5. Final rinse<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Rinsing away sanitation chemicals to avoid contamination of products. Not needed if hot water or steam has been used in the previous step.<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Water.<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">Adds time and water consumption to the CIP cycle.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-15 from cache -->                                <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <p>Ozone CIP<br \/>\nOzone technology presents a novel approach to sanitizing process equipment with significantly lower water, chemicals and energy demand. Ozone completely replaces costs and handling of traditional sanitation methods using chemicals or hot water. Ozone leaves no residual chemicals after use which means final rinse is not required. It is also possible to apply ozone instead of step 3 above (rinsing). This enables a 3 or 4-stage CIP instead of 5 stages in the cycle. The figure below illustrates CIP improvements that can be made by replacing chemicals and utilizing the unique characteristics of ozone. It shows how a 5-stage CIP cycle can be reduced to a 4-stage cycle.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1293\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1293\" class=\"wp-image-1293 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/processpiping-300x201.jpg\" alt=\"Ozon CIP bryggeri\" width=\"300\" height=\"201\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/processpiping-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/processpiping-1024x685.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/processpiping-768x514.jpg 768w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/processpiping-1536x1028.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/processpiping-2048x1371.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1293\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ozon CIP bryggeri<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Hot water sanitation is commonly used where chemicals are to be avoided due to the byproducts. However, the method is time consuming and exerts strain on the mechanical equipment during the expansion and contraction of heating and cooling, causing leakages and generates a higher maintenance cost. Since ozone leaves no residues, it is a viable cold sanitation method instead of hot water use, which saves major amounts of energy and associated costs. This concept is illustrated below.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1299\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1299\" class=\"wp-image-1299 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/cip-hotwater-300x153.png\" alt=\"Ozon-CIP hetvatten\" width=\"300\" height=\"153\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/cip-hotwater-300x153.png 300w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/cip-hotwater-1024x522.png 1024w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/cip-hotwater-768x391.png 768w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/cip-hotwater.png 1391w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1299\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ozon-CIP hetvatten<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Ozone is produced in-situ and on demand, which means that it is generated and applied when it is needed. This is the key characteristic of ozone treatment compared to traditional chemical or hot water disinfection methods. The figure below shows the ozone concentration over time for a facility. The green area represents the range of ozone concentration applied to the process equipment. As can be seen below, the ozone concentration increases over time and reaches adequate levels for disinfection in just a few minutes. The sanitation cycle is complete in 5-15 minutes depending on the amount and type of microorganisms. Since ozone is approximately 10-1000 times more effective than other chemicals against bacteria, mold and viruses, the sanitation can be completed in only a few minutes, saving important down-time for any type of facility. Typical target ozone concentration is 1 ppm for 3 log reduction of all types of unwanted microorganisms in 5-15 minutes.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1302\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1302\" class=\"wp-image-1302 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/ozone-concentration-cip-300x211.png\" alt=\"Ozon-CIP: tid mot koncentration\" width=\"300\" height=\"211\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/ozone-concentration-cip-300x211.png 300w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/ozone-concentration-cip-1024x719.png 1024w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/ozone-concentration-cip-768x540.png 768w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/ozone-concentration-cip.png 1190w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1302\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ozon-CIP: tid mot koncentration<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Clean-out-of-Place (COP)<\/h4>\n<p>While CIP refers to disinfection of the interior of process equipment, COP refers to surface sanitation of conveyor belts, pipes or floors. Typically, foaming agents are used to aid the visual inspection of cleaned versus non-cleaned areas and the sanitation is often done by hand. Ozone can also be used for these purposes by inducing ozone in water in, for example, a buffer tank. This ozone production also takes place when needed, which eliminates the handling of chemicals.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Biofilm removal<\/h4>\n<p>Due to the strong disinfecting power of ozone, existing biofilm can be removed by ozonating over an extended period of time, allowing ozone to degrade microorganisms that have attached to the surface of the process equipment. Biofilm may occur in systems where insufficient sanitation or cleaning has allowed for biological growth of bacteria on organic material left from the production. In such cases, ozone is an excellent way to remove biofilm and prevent future growth. Ozone is also suitable to use continuously in order to prevent the growth of biofilms. Closed water systems are examples where biofilms often occur in the form of bacteria or algae.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Cooling towers and closed water systems<\/h4>\n<p>These types of applications differ in some respects from CIP applications. In closed cooling systems or cooling towers, large volumes of water circulate with very long hydraulic retention times. In these instances, ozone concentrations below 0.2 ppm suffice to prevent microbial growth and thereby also prevent the growth of biofilm or the risk of legionella outbreaks.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Applicable industries<\/h4>\n<p>Ozone sanitation of process equipment is especially valuable for industries where sanitation is key, such as breweries, dairy facilities, off-shore industries and food production . What can Ozonetech do for you? Visit our website and find what our systems and solutions can do for your industry!<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section\n    id=\"drinking\"\n    class=\"block content-block\"\n\tstyle=\"--cb-bg: #e6e6e6; --cb-content: #000; padding-top: 30px; padding-bottom: 30px;\"\n>\n    \n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h3>Drinking water<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1305\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/drinking-water-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/drinking-water.jpg 300w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/drinking-water-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The use of ozone in the treatment of drinking water is not a new technique. It is estimated that ozone is now used in over 3000 municipal drinking water installations worldwide. The treatment offers a number of advantages over the traditional use of chlorine, most notably in the improvement of taste, odor and appearance. Including the ability to kill bacteria and inactive viruses more effectively than any chemical.<\/p>\n<p>Through oxidation it also reduces the amount of heavy metals found in drinking water, such as iron and manganese, to safer levels. All this occurs within a process that is environmentally friendly and with oxygen as its main byproduct. Ozone treatment counteracts the danger of tri-halo-methane (THM\u2019s) forming, making it a safe method as well as one which improves water quality.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Ozone treatment in bottled water production<\/h4>\n<p>Bottle rinsing with ozone was one of the first ozone applications for industrial use. It was an attractive alternative to chemicals and heat treatment. Today, it is widely used as an integrated part of complete bottle rinsing and filling machines.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Bottle rinsing with ozone<\/h4>\n<p>In cases where non-sterilized bottles are filled with beer, soda or water, the inside of the bottle or can surface needs to be sanitized or pasteurized before the filling process. It is especially important for reused bottles since they are not sterilized when they are delivered from the supplier.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1308 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/beer_bottles_liten-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Flasksk\u00f6ljning p\u00e5 bryggerier med ozon\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/beer_bottles_liten-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/beer_bottles_liten-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/beer_bottles_liten-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/beer_bottles_liten.jpg 1372w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-md-6\">\n            <p><strong>Ozone versus chemicals<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>While some disinfection chemicals are common in the brewery industry, such as peracetic acid or hypochlorite, they leave residues after use which inevitably affects taste and product quality. Such chemicals can be removed by rinsing. However, this may introduce unwanted particles or microorganisms which occur naturally in the supply water. Ozone use for bottle or can rinsing will solve both of these potential problems.<\/p>\n<p>Ozone is the most effective commercially available disinfectant for industrial use. Hence, at very low concentrations (1 ppm) it will sanitize bottle surfaces quickly. In addition, it leaves no chemical byproducts which eliminates the risk for spoilage. You can read more about ozone as a sanitizer on our Water Disinfection web page.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"col-md-6\">\n            <p><strong>Ozone versus heat<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In many cases, bottles and cans are pasteurized at temperatures up to 100 degrees C (212 F) for several minutes. This ensures that unwanted microorganisms are inactivated. Bacteria and other microbes are the major cause of spoilage. While heat is an effective way to ensure product quality, it may affect unique tastes and aromas. Ozone offers an alternative which preserves the brew without chemicals or heat. Since ozone is applied cold, it is a major cost-saving operation compared to energy intensive pasteurization.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Filling machine sanitation with ozone<\/h4>\n<p>Just like other process equipment such as fermentation tanks, pipes and valves, an ozone system is equally effective for the filling machine itself. Visit our CIP &amp; Process Equipement sanitation web page to find out more.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1311\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1311\" class=\"wp-image-1311 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/filling_machine-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Ozone treatment in bottled water production\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/filling_machine-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/filling_machine-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/filling_machine-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/filling_machine-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/filling_machine-2048x1366.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1311\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ozone treatment in bottled water production<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Bottling water ozone treatment<\/h4>\n<p>Ozone treatment in bottling plants has had an important role since the 1970\u2019s when the bottling industry was introduced. The challenges faced in the bottling industry were in the production, sterile handling and storage of large amounts of water where growth of bacteria and other microorganisms can multiply explosively. This had a significant impact on taste, odor, and health problems due to lack of disinfection in bottled water. In 1982 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US classified ozone as safe in disinfection applications and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) while residual ozone concentration in water phase can be up to 0.4 ppm. Thereafter, many state health organizations, for example WHO, have approved ozone as a key component in the bottled water industry. Ozone is safe to use in water bottling plants while leaving no residual or taste in bottled water according to International Bottle Water Association (IBWA) guidelines.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Ozone treatment for bottled water processes<\/h4>\n<p>The figure below presents the unit operations generally used in bottled water production, as well as common ozone treatment applications.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1311\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/filling_machine-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/filling_machine-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/filling_machine-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/filling_machine-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/filling_machine-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/filling_machine-2048x1366.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Ozone purification as a pre-treatment<\/h4>\n<p>Ozone systems can be used at pre-treatment process steps to assist in removal of iron, manganese, color, bacteria, taste and odor. Pre-ozonation reduces development of biofilm and ensures the quality of the water and also reduces the maintenance costs of the process equipment. In many cases ozone is used alongside with other techniques, but is always a central treatment and sanitation step to avoid unwanted taste in the final product which will be the case if chemicals such as chlorine are used.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Disinfection with ozone<\/h4>\n<p>Ozone is an exceptional chemical-free disinfectant and a powerful oxidant. More information about how ozone treatment and disinfection works can be found here. In bottled water ozonation, the ozone system is controlled to maintain a specific dissolved ozone concentration during a set contact time, which provides a powerful disinfection before the bottling step. The reaction time to allow for the desired disinfection and\/or oxidation processes is typically 5-20 minutes with an ozone concentration of 0.2-0.5 ppm. Our systems rapidly achieve a high dissolved ozone concentration and oxidation potential with our integrated control system which makes Ozonetech\u2019s RENA Vivo-system. the number one choice for bottled water disinfection. During the ozone disinfection step, a protective environment is created against bacteria, viruses and parasites such as Cryptosporidium &amp; Giardia cysts in the treated water. In addition, ozone is very effective against undesired taste and odor.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Ozone versus chemical disinfection in bottling plants<\/h4>\n<p>While ozone is a common technology for sanitizing water before the filling process, some plants still use chemicals such as sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) to maintain a microbe-free system. The table below summarizes the difference in use between these two methods.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content table-wrapper \" style=\"--table-text-color-header: #FFFFFF; --table-text-color-rows: #000000; --table-background-color-header: #5f5f5f; --table-background-color-rows-even: #efefef; --table-background-color-rows-odd: #dfdfdf; \">\n                            \n<table id=\"tablepress-16\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-16\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Characteristics<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Ozone<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">Hypochlorite (HCLO-) or other chemicals<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Disinfection potency (CT, mg\/L.min)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.05-1<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0.1-10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Typical concentration during use (ppm)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.1-0.3<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0.3-0.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Residues<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">None<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Yes, requires UV destruction to remove unwanted taste<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Byproducts<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">None<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">May develop carcinogenic byproducts unless all organic material is removed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">pH regulation<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Not required<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Should be regulated to 6.5-7 to maintain highest disinfection efficiency<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Mechanical equipment<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">RENA Vivo ozone system<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Dosing pump, chemical storage tank, miscellaneous logistics equipment for pH measurements<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Consumables<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1-2 kW<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Chemical consumption, dosing pump power, acid for pH control<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-16 from cache -->                                <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section\n    id=\"towers\"\n    class=\"block content-block\"\n\tstyle=\"--cb-bg: #fff; --cb-content: #000; \"\n>\n    \n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h3>Cooling towers<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1315\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/cooling-towers-300x86.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"86\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/cooling-towers-300x86.jpg 300w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/cooling-towers.jpg 700w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Cooling towers are a cooling application that is widely used and has been for a long time due to the energy and cost efficiency. However, the usage of water as cooling media can cause problems if the concentration of contaminants increases in the water. This leads to calcification, corrosion, build-up of biofilm, and growth of pathogens such as Legionella. These issues are associated with higher costs due to lower heat transfer efficiency, wear of the equipment as well as health and environmental risks.<\/p>\n<p>Traditionally, different compositions of chemicals have been used to treat the water and counteract the problems mentioned above. Partly, the solution is about deactivating biological growth and another part is reducing the calcification and corrosion problems. However, ozone has been shown to be a powerful alternative that is beneficial both in economic terms and in energy efficiency.<\/p>\n<p>Ozone treatment solves the original problem with a highly reduced number of secondary costs and considerations. As well as being a powerful biocide, killing viruses and infectious bacteria, ozone has been proven to have a positive de-scaling effect. It also greatly reduces the level of bleed off water, as well as the cost of disposing it due to the environmentally friendly nature of ozone. Added to this are the savings due to reduced storage costs and handling of chemicals as ozone is produced on site. This fact significantly simplifies regulatory compliance.<\/p>\n<p>New advantages and opportunities with the ozone technology are constantly being discovered and the main advantages lie in savings of water, chemicals, energy, and increased environmental friendliness.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Why ozone treatment?<\/h4>\n<p>By implementing ozonation in water treatment for cooling towers, these positive effects can be achieved:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increased cooling operation efficiency (which lowers power consumption)<\/li>\n<li>Reduced amount of disposed cooling media (reducing costs from makeup water and chemical waste discharge)<\/li>\n<li>Reduced maintenance costs from contamination in the system. The maintenance costs for ozonation treatment systems are minor<\/li>\n<li>Insignificant buildup of chemicals as disinfectant byproducts<\/li>\n<li>Very effective disinfectant<\/li>\n<li>No need for handling of hazardous chemicals due to in-situ production<\/li>\n<li>Low corrosion<\/li>\n<li>Environmentally friendly treatment, facilitating regulatory compliance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For sites operating their own water and sewage treatment facilities some concrete benefits are listed below:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduced pumping power to extract and transport water from a reservoir to water treatment facility due to decreased makeup water consumption<\/li>\n<li>Reduced pumping power for blowdown transportation to sewage treatment<\/li>\n<li>Reduced pumping power for water transportation from water treatment to end-user<\/li>\n<li>Reduced permit costs for a discharge of treated water to the environment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Another major advantage of ozone treatment is the fact that there is no build-up of disinfectants or its by-products. This is because of ozone molecule\u2019s short half-life and that the ozone is continuously reconstituted into oxygen.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>The potential of ozone treatment<\/h4>\n<p>Ozone is a very powerful oxidant and is produced in-situ. It therefore enables a reduction or elimination of the use of environmental and health hazardous chemical treatment methods. It also facilitates compliance with health and environmental protection legislation.<\/p>\n<p>Ozone treatment can significantly increase the efficiency of the cooling tower by enabling operation at higher concentration cycles, which also results in savings in operating costs and energy consumption, and also reduces emissions (see \u201cCase study\u201d below).<\/p>\n<p>Quoting the U.S. Department of Energy Federal Technology Alert on ozone treatment:<\/p>\n<p>In a properly installed and operating system, bacterial counts are reduced, with subsequent minimization of biofilm buildup on heat exchanger surfaces. The reduction in energy demand, the increased operating efficiency, and the reduced maintenance effort provide cost savings as well as environmental benefits and improved regulatory compliance with respect to discharge of wastewater from blowdown.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>The ozone mechanism<\/h4>\n<p>Ozone de-activates and eliminates microorganisms in an efficient way by oxidizing their organic constituents and breaking down cell walls. It is, therefore, a method of disinfection that the microbes cannot develop resistance to, unlike some other biocides. For example, a concentration of 0.4 mg\/L ozone leads to 100% elimination within 2-3 minutes for Pseudomonas fluorescence which is a known cause of biofilm problems. A concentration of 0.1 mg\/L removes about 80% of the biofilm within 3 hours.<\/p>\n<p>The ozone treatment also counteracts problems with calcification. By removing biofilm that otherwise accelerates lime build-up, calcification effects can be greatly reduced.<\/p>\n<p>Ozone molecule<\/p>\n<p>The ozone molecule<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Low corrosive effects<\/h4>\n<p>Corrosion effects are a common concern when using ozone. However, since a very low concentration is required, corrosive effects of ozone are low (or even half the corrosion resulting from chlorination treatment). Moreover, the effectiveness as a biocide minimizes significant corrosion effects induced by microbiological activity. Also, ozone treatment has been shown to increase the corrosion protection caused by biological growth by forming a passive film covering and protecting the exposed surface. Furthermore, ozone treatment has a slightly pH-increasing effect, which increases the protection against corrosion.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Case study<\/h4>\n<p>Case studies show that typical turnkey costs for ozonation systems required to treat a cooling tower with a capacity of 3.5 MW range from $40,000 to $50,000. In a case study (made by the U.S. Department of Energy) in 1994 at a Lockheed Martin Facility in Florida, the ozonation system could be installed in one day, eventually resulting in a 90 % blowdown waste reduction and a savings to investment ratio (SIR) of 31.2. Furthermore, it was shown that the feared corrosion effect of using ozone was only half that resulting from chlorine treatment. The annual operation cost comparison for the Lockheed Martin factory is shown in the table below.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content table-wrapper wp-caption\" style=\"--table-text-color-header: #FFFFFF; --table-text-color-rows: #000000; --table-background-color-header: #5f5f5f; --table-background-color-rows-even: #efefef; --table-background-color-rows-odd: #dfdfdf; \">\n                            \n<table id=\"tablepress-17\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-17\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Item<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Chemical Treatment<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">Ozone Treatment<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Electrical operation<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">$0<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">$2,592<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Chemicals<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">$18,613<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">$0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Labor<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">$9,360<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">$2,808<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Blowdown Handling<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">$45,360<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">$4,536<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Chlorine gas<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">$6,120<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">$0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Power consumption<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">$118,715<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">$47,479<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Total cost \/ year<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">$198,168<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">$57,415<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-17 from cache -->                                        <p class=\"wp-caption\">Cost comparison between traditional chemical treatment and ozone treatment for the Lockheed Martin study<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <div id=\"attachment_1327\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1327\" class=\"wp-image-1327 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/cost_comparison_for_chemical_and_ozone_treatment_0-300x153.png\" alt=\"Cost comparison between traditional chemical treatment and ozone treatment for the Lockheed Martin study\" width=\"300\" height=\"153\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/cost_comparison_for_chemical_and_ozone_treatment_0-300x153.png 300w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/cost_comparison_for_chemical_and_ozone_treatment_0.png 690w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1327\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Cost comparison between traditional chemical treatment and ozone treatment for the Lockheed Martin study<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<h4>Important parameters to consider when using ozone treatment<\/h4>\n<p>The following aspects should all be considered when designing, installing, and utilizing ozonation methods for applications in cooling towers:<\/p>\n<p>Preparation of inlet air to the ozone generator. To maximize lifetime and capacity of the ozone generator a dry, concentrated air feed should be supplied.<br \/>\nAn ozone generator with adequate dosing and capacity.<br \/>\nEfficient ozone generator cooling. This is also critical to achieve a long lifetime and capacity of the generator.<br \/>\nHarder to use where high COD\/BOD-levels are introduced to the water from makeup or local air conditions. This could consume the main part of the ozone.<br \/>\nA makeup water quality of above 150 ppm calcium hardness may require a side stream filter. Ozone treatment is not suitable if the calcium (CaCO3) hardness exceeds 500 ppm or sulfates exceed 100 ppm.<br \/>\nThe cooling water temperature should not exceed 45 \u2070C for efficient ozone treatment. This is mainly because of the low solubility of ozone at higher temperatures.<br \/>\nLong piping systems. Because of the short half-life time of ozone of about 10 \u2013 15 minutes, multiple injection points may be required in cooling towers larger than about 400 m3.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Main contaminant effects<\/h4>\n<p>As already stated four main issues appear when circulating cooling tower water, namely corrosion, scale formation, biofouling, and pathogenic growth.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1331\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1331\" class=\"wp-image-1331 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pipes_smaller.jpg_0-300x199.png\" alt=\"Visual display of contaminant effects\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pipes_smaller.jpg_0-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pipes_smaller.jpg_0.png 664w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1331\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Visual display of contaminant effects that can be the result of e.g. corrosion and\/or calcification<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Pathogens Pathogenic outbreaks in coolant water circuits is a common issue which leads to infection risk in the vicinity of the cooling facility. The pathogens can be transported to the surroundings together with the evaporating stream. In 2004, an outbreak of Legionella was reported in Pas-de-Calais in France were bacteria were found up to 6 km from a cooling tower, which was the source of the outbreak. The outbreak killed 21 of 86 people with laboratory confirmed infection.<br \/>\n&gt;Treatment Oxidizing and non-oxidizing biocides (see description below).<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--full\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-md-6\">\n            <p><strong>Corrosion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Corrosion generally appears in water contacting applications. It can be controlled to some extent but cannot be completely avoided. Corrosion effects are a larger problem when softened water is used.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"col-md-6\">\n            <p><strong>&gt;Treatment<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The phenomenon of corrosion is possible to control but cannot be completely avoided. Different kinds of makeup water require different treatments. The corrosion effects are more severe when softened water is used as makeup water.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--full\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-md-6\">\n            <p><strong>Calcification<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The formation of scale leads to two major issues, namely fluid flow obstruction and significantly decreased heat transfer efficiency. The conductivity of for example copper is more than 400 times that of calcium carbonate. For instance, a 0.025 mm layer of calcium carbonate decreases the heat transfer efficiency by about 12.5 %.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"col-md-6\">\n            <p>&gt;<strong>Treatment<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Scaling can be treated with different methods. Chemical treatment can adsorb or convert scale forming ions into other compounds. Another approach is to lower the pH by acid addition which dissolves the scale. Also, scaling effects can be mitigated by adding softened makeup water.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--full\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-md-6\">\n            <p><strong>Biofilm<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Biofilm shows similar negative effects as scaling but with an even lower conductivity than calcium carbonate scale. Hence, it is important to manage water quality both with respect to mineral content and microorganisms.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"col-md-6\">\n            <p><strong>&gt;Treatment<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Oxidizing and non-oxidizing biocides (see description below).<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Biological treatment \u2013 biocides<\/h4>\n<p>The biocidal function is very important in the cooling tower system as it is continuously exposed to airborne and waterborne organic material and organisms. Biocides to control microbiological growth (to prevent both biofouling and pathogens) may be divided into two types, namely oxidizing and non-oxidizing biocides.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Oxidizing biocides<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Generally, oxidizing biocides prove to be effective disinfectants which oxidize and therefore kill the microorganisms rapidly at low dosages. General drawbacks for some of these compounds include reduction of pH level, increased corrosion, and sensitivity to pH alterations. Ozone is an oxidizing biocide that does not result in these negative effects when handled professionally.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Non-oxidizing biocides<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Non-oxidizing biocides deactivate microbes by subjecting them to stress and disrupting their metabolism. One advantage is that the treatment can be directed specifically at certain organisms. However, in some cases, the microbes can develop resistance to this type of treatment, which leads to more resistant organisms taking over. Other disadvantages are e.g. that high doses, long disinfection time, and high price are required.<\/p>\n<h4>Examples of biocide types<\/h4>\n<p>The table below shows some oxidizing and non-oxidizing biocides that is used or has been used.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content table-wrapper \" style=\"--table-text-color-header: #FFFFFF; --table-text-color-rows: #000000; --table-background-color-header: #5f5f5f; --table-background-color-rows-even: #efefef; --table-background-color-rows-odd: #dfdfdf; \">\n                            \n<table id=\"tablepress-18\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-18\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Oxidizing biocides<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Non-oxidizing biocides<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Electrolytic bromine<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Hydroxymethyl nitro (Trisnitro)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Stabilized bromine<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Methylene bisthiocyanate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Hydantoin<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Quats (quaternary ammonium cations) and Polyquats<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Chlorine dioxide<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Quat-bistributyl tin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Hypochlorite<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Carbamates<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Chlorine<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Isothiazolin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Bromide<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Glutaraldehyde<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Ozone<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Dibromo nitrilo propionamide (DBNPA)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-18 from cache -->                                <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Water hardness and scaling<\/h4>\n<p>The scaling problem essentially arises from mineral concentration buildup or, in other words, increased hardness of the water. Multivalent cations, mainly calcium, Ca2+, manganese, Mg2+, and carbonates are the main sources of water hardness. A part of the scaling buildup is expressed below in the following chemical equilibrium reaction:<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1334\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1334\" class=\"wp-image-1334 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/calcium_carbonate_equilibrium_reaction-300x19.png\" alt=\"Calcium carbonate equilibrium reaction\" width=\"300\" height=\"19\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/calcium_carbonate_equilibrium_reaction-300x19.png 300w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/calcium_carbonate_equilibrium_reaction.png 468w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1334\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Calcium carbonate equilibrium reaction<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p>As a result of equilibrium reactions like the one above, a higher dissolved mineral content will lead to an increased formation of solid mineral salts, that is, scaling.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1343\" style=\"width: 246px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1343\" class=\"wp-image-1343 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/bleed_makeup_eq.png\" alt=\"Lime scale (calcium carbonate) deposit\" width=\"236\" height=\"72\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1343\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Lime scale (calcium carbonate) deposit<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Another process leading to scaling buildup is via biological mineral deposition on biofilms. Biofilms have been shown to function as an adherent for mineral microcrystals. This way, the formation of biofilm also promotes scaling buildup.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cycles of concentration<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When the mineral content reaches above the solubility level precipitation of the minerals occur. This, in turn, leads to a gradual build-up of scale deposits. To control the mineral content a portion of the coolant stream is bled off and replaced by a fresh makeup water source. Additionally, scaling inhibitor chemicals are used to increase the solubility of the minerals.<\/p>\n<p>The term \u201ccycle of concentration\u201d is used to determine the mineral concentration of the coolant water in relation to the concentration of makeup water. For example, if the mineral concentration in the coolant water is four times the concentration in the makeup stream, the cycles of concentration are four.<\/p>\n<p>The table below clearly shows the cost benefit of using high cycles of concentration. It is also important to note that if the initial mineral content of the makeup water is high, lower cycles can be used.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content table-wrapper wp-caption\" style=\"--table-text-color-header: #FFFFFF; --table-text-color-rows: #000000; --table-background-color-header: #5f5f5f; --table-background-color-rows-even: #efefef; --table-background-color-rows-odd: #dfdfdf; \">\n                            \n<table id=\"tablepress-19\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-19\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Cycles<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Bleed(m3\/day)<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">Makeup water (m3\/day)<\/th><th class=\"column-4\">Annual water cost* (%)<\/th><th class=\"column-5\">Reduction water cost (%)<\/th><th class=\"column-6\">Reduction inhibitor cost (%)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">1.5<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">163.53<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">245.29<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">$70,956<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">3<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">40.88<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">122.65<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">$35,478<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">50.0<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">75.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">5<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">20.44<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">102.21<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">$29,565<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">58.3<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">87.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">8<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">11.68<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">93.45<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">$27,031<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">61.9<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">92.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">10<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">9.08<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">90.85<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">$26,280<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">62.9<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">94.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-19 from cache -->                                        <p class=\"wp-caption\">*Based on a water cost of $3.00 per 1000 gallons<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Measuring the cycles of concentration<\/h4>\n<p>The cycles of concentration can be measured either chemically or by performing a mass balance over the system. The chemical measurement may be performed according to the following formula:<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1340\" style=\"width: 288px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1340\" class=\"wp-image-1340 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/cycles_formula.png\" alt=\"Cycles of concentration formula\" width=\"278\" height=\"52\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1340\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Cycles of concentration formula<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p>The cycle measurement can also be performed using the mass balance according to:<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1343\" style=\"width: 246px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1343\" class=\"wp-image-1343 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/bleed_makeup_eq.png\" alt=\"Cycles of concentration formula for mass balance\" width=\"236\" height=\"72\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1343\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Cycles of concentration formula for mass balance<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Where:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1343\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/bleed_makeup_eq.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"236\" height=\"72\" \/><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Monitoring and adjusting mineral concentration<\/h4>\n<p>It is essential to determine the maximum mineral concentration that is allowed before scaling occurs. This value is then used to adjust the blowdown rate to set the maximum amount of cycles.<\/p>\n<p>The Langelier saturation index (LSI)<\/p>\n<p>The LSI uses the calcium concentration, alkalinity, conductivity (in TDS), and water temperature to determine the maximum stabilization pH of calcium. Chemical treatment is then used to increase the solubility of calcium carbonate to be able to reach higher cycles. This way, using a chemical treatment, an LSI of about +3 can be reached without significant scaling.<\/p>\n<p>Practical Ozone Scaling Index (POSI)<\/p>\n<p>To monitor and control scaling when using ozone treatment the POSI formula was developed by Pryor and Fischer in 1993. It gives the maximum operation conductivity for the cooling tower to avoid scaling and it takes the reduced amount of dissolved calcium (by using ozonation) into account. The index is explained in the formula below:<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1346\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1346\" class=\"wp-image-1346 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/posi_0-300x40.png\" alt=\"Practical Ozone Scaling Index (POSI)\" width=\"300\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/posi_0-300x40.png 300w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/posi_0.png 686w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1346\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Practical Ozone Scaling Index (POSI)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>To further clarify how the POSI can be used an example makeup water quality is given in the table below and POSI is calculated:<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content table-wrapper \" style=\"--table-text-color-header: #FFFFFF; --table-text-color-rows: #000000; --table-background-color-header: #5f5f5f; --table-background-color-rows-even: #efefef; --table-background-color-rows-odd: #dfdfdf; \">\n                            \n<table id=\"tablepress-20\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-20\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Parameter<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Value<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">Unit<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">pH<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">8.4<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Conductivity<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">130<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">\u00b5S<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Calcium hardness<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">30<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">ppm CaCO3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Magnesium hardness<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">10<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">ppm CaCO3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Sodium<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">10<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">ppm Na<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Chloride<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">7<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">ppm Cl<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Total alkalinity<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">39<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">ppm CaCO3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Temperature<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">13<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">\u2070C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-20 from cache -->                                <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <p>Which gives:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1350\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/posi_example-300x46.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"46\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/posi_example-300x46.png 300w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/posi_example.png 556w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In other words, when applying ozone treatment to this makeup water the maximum conductivity may reach a value of just below 3000 \u00b5S to avoid scale formation. This enables the process to run at almost 23 cycles. Chemical treatment for the same makeup water quality would enable a process to run at about 10 cycles.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Ozone dosing and process design<\/h4>\n<p>In the following section, a few simplified mathematical relationships are presented for estimation of the ozonation equipment design. The amount of required ozone is based on the recirculation rate of the cooling tower water. The recirculation rate may be obtained from system volume and turnover period:<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1353\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1353\" class=\"wp-image-1353 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/circulation_rate_eq-300x35.png\" alt=\"Cooling tower circulation rate\" width=\"300\" height=\"35\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/circulation_rate_eq-300x35.png 300w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/circulation_rate_eq.png 441w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1353\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Cooling tower circulation rate<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p>Typical recommended values for required ozone concentrations for different sections of the cooling tower are listed in the table below.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content table-wrapper \" style=\"--table-text-color-header: #FFFFFF; --table-text-color-rows: #000000; --table-background-color-header: #5f5f5f; --table-background-color-rows-even: #efefef; --table-background-color-rows-odd: #dfdfdf; \">\n                            \n<table id=\"tablepress-21\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-21\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Process section<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Recommended value range [ppm]<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Cooling tower basin<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.025 \u2013 0.250<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Recirculating pump inlet<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.075 \u2013 0.150<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Heat exchanger inlet<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.040 \u2013 0.080<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Return line to tower<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.010 \u2013 0.040<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-21 from cache -->                                <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <p>Ozonation of about 0.2 ppm is usually provided to a side stream of the main flow. The contacting equipment allows for about 90 % dissolution efficiency of the generated ozone. However, a dissolution efficiency of 80 % may be used for extra margin. One reason for that is that the ozone generator capacity decreases over time. Hence, a decrease in capacity of 10 % over the course of two years can be used (again for extra margin). To estimate the required ozone production capacity, \u201c\u1e41O<sub>3<\/sub>\u201d, of the generator the following formula may be used:<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1356\" style=\"width: 157px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1356\" class=\"wp-image-1356 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/ozonflode.png\" alt=\"Ozone mass flow rate\" width=\"147\" height=\"36\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1356\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Ozone mass flow rate<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p>For example, a system volume of 500 m3 and turnover period of 30 min requires an ozonation system with a capacity of about 280 g\/h. Note that dosing requirements have to be adjusted with respect to important factors like e.g. water temperature and water quality for optimal efficiency. Moreover, ozone dosing should not exceed 10 g\/m3 makeup water.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Measuring and regulating ozone demand<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>ORP-measurements should be made continuously to provide adequate ozone dosing to the system. Note that ORP probes are prone to fouling by e.g. calcium scaling. That is why cleaning is essential, but luckily it is simple. This way, excessive ozone generation is provided which results in energy savings and elimination of corrosive effects from excessive ozone concentrations.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ozone compatible materials<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Listed below are materials considered to be suitable with ozonation processes.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content table-wrapper \" style=\"--table-text-color-header: #FFFFFF; --table-text-color-rows: #000000; --table-background-color-header: #5f5f5f; --table-background-color-rows-even: #efefef; --table-background-color-rows-odd: #dfdfdf; \">\n                            \n<table id=\"tablepress-22\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-22\">\n<tbody class=\"row-striping\">\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Piping:<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">316 Stainless steel <br \/>\nTeflon\/PTFE<br \/>\nKynar\/PVDF<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Vessels:<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">316 Stainless steel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Packningar:<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Teflon\/PTFE<br \/>\nFPM\/Viton<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-22 from cache -->                                <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Ozone compatible chemicals<\/h4>\n<p>Depending on water quality and process type, in some cases, it might be beneficial to use chemicals together with ozone to some extent. It is important, however, to ensure that the chemicals function and stability is not reduced when they are combined with ozone. Listed below are examples of chemicals that have been shown to be ozone compatible:<\/p>\n<p>PBTC, scale and corrosion inhibitor.<br \/>\nMolybdate, a corrosion inhibitor for soft water.<br \/>\nSilicate, corrosion inhibitor at calcium concentrations &lt;200 ppm.<\/p>\n<p>TTA\/BTA, copper and brass alloy protection.<\/p>\n<p>Zinc based chemicals, corrosion inhibitors.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h3>Ozone treatment of pharmaceutical residues<\/h3>\n<p>About 100 000 diverse chemicals are registered in the European Union (EU). Out of these 100 000, about 30 000 are distributed in large quantities, where each one is distributed in quantities of about one ton per year or more for human health consumption. During production, disposal and after regular use, a substantial portion of these active substances (micro pollutants) are inevitably entering the aquatic environment.<br \/>\nPharmaceuticals are one of the most important classes of emerging contaminants in water treatment processes and have a direct impact on human health and the ecosystem. The sources of pharmaceuticals include livestock residues, hospital discharge, aquaculture and release from municipal and industrial wastewater effluents. Among them, treatment of wastewaters have become increasingly difficult due to several reasons, including:<\/p>\n<p>Discharged wastewater contains clusters of micro-pollutants (i.e. pharmaceutical active substances) that are resistant to biological wastewater treatment processes.<br \/>\nHospitals are a large source for releasing resistant pathogens<br \/>\nStringent regulations on effluent discharge limits<br \/>\nIn the following text, a few central pharmaceutical compounds will be highlighted to serve as examples for general pharmaceutical residues treatment. These include paracetamol, codeine, diclofenac, and propofol.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--full\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-md-6\">\n            <h4>Paracetamol<\/h4>\n<p>Paracetamol (N-acetyl-4-aminophenol) is a group of medicines (e.g. Alvedon) found in mild analgesics or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that are sold in large quantities. They are commonly used for reduction of pain and fever symptoms. The projected annual world production of paracetamol is about 145 000 tons. The paracetamol molecule consists of a benzene ring core, substituted by one hydroxyl group and the nitrogen atom of an acetamide.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"col-md-6\">\n            <h4>Codeine<\/h4>\n<p>Codeine (3-Methylmorphine) is a narcotic medication (e.g. Oramorph) used to treat moderate pain and cough. It consists of an aromatic ring and a quaternary carbon atom linked to a tertiary amine group by two other carbon atoms. This chemical characteristic is also known as the morphine rule. The molecule consists of a total of five rings, out of which three are in the same plane.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--full\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-md-6\">\n            <h4>Diclofenac<\/h4>\n<p>Diclofenac 2-(2, 6-dichloranillino) phenylacetic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (i.e. Voltaren) that is easily available in medical outlets and hundreds of tons are sold worldwide every year. It consists of two adjacent aromatic rings, with one ring bearing a carboxylate and the other one, a phenyl ring, binds perpendicular to the top of the aromatic ring with two ortho-chloro groups.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"col-md-6\">\n            <h4>Propofol<\/h4>\n<p>Propofol (2,6-Bis (1-methylethyl) phenol) is a stable molecule and an intravenous anesthetic agent used in treatment of general anesthesia (e.g. Propoven).<\/p>\n<p>Propofol consists of a benzene ring and an isopropyl group. Propofol, like the other compounds mentioned above, is effectively degraded to below detection levels with ozone treatment. Propofol, in particular, has shown a first order reaction in type in typical wastewater effluent from the pharmaceutical industry. Also, no harmful by-products can be identified with ozone treatment.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <p>The above pharmaceuticals are complex molecules which are not easily treated in traditional municipal and industrial biological treatment plants.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Overview of additional pharmaceutical residues<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Commonly found active micro pollutants in wastewater effluents are listed below:<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content table-wrapper \" style=\"--table-text-color-header: #FFFFFF; --table-text-color-rows: #000000; --table-background-color-header: #5f5f5f; --table-background-color-rows-even: #efefef; --table-background-color-rows-odd: #dfdfdf; \">\n                            \n<table id=\"tablepress-23\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-23\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">List of pharmaceutical compounds<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Mode of action<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">Molecular structure<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Hydrochlorothiazide<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Antihypertensive<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Metoprolol<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Antihypertensive<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Furosemide<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Diuretics<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Oxazepam<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Sedative<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Carbamazepine<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Sedative<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-23 from cache -->                                <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Paracetamol degradation example<\/h4>\n<p>In-house designed pilot-scale tests demonstrated &gt;99 % removal of paracetamol directly from a pharmaceutical production plant effluent with an optimum concentration of ozone dose. One pathway for paracetamol degradation during the treatment process with ozone is hydroxyl radical attack on the aromatic ring with subsequent hydroxylation. Pharmaceutical compounds have a reaction rate that is directly dependent on the concentration of an active substance present in the mixture. A schematic figure is presented below where the oxidation pathway and a reaction order representation is displayed.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1359\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/00_32_paracet-768x456-1-300x178.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"178\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/00_32_paracet-768x456-1-300x178.png 300w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/00_32_paracet-768x456-1.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<h4>Overview of reaction order<\/h4>\n<p>There are different kinds of chemical reactions. The order for any chemical reaction is defined as the reaction rate dependency of the concentration of the reactants. Representative graphs for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd reaction orders are displayed below:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1362\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/00_33_noll-768x456-1-300x178.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"178\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/00_33_noll-768x456-1-300x178.png 300w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/00_33_noll-768x456-1.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1365\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/00_34_forsta-768x456-1-300x178.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"178\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/00_34_forsta-768x456-1-300x178.png 300w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/00_34_forsta-768x456-1.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1369\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/00_35_andra-768x456-1-300x178.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"178\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/00_35_andra-768x456-1-300x178.png 300w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/00_35_andra-768x456-1.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>It is important to determine the reaction kinetics in order to scale a full-scale ozone treatment system.<\/p>\n<p>Ozonetech offers consultant services and pilot project services to determine the specific treatment requirements for specific wastewater streams, including pharmaceutical plants and hospitals wastewater. Contact us for more information!<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section\n    id=\"disinfection\"\n    class=\"block content-block\"\n\tstyle=\"--cb-bg: #fff; --cb-content: #000; \"\n>\n    \n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h3>Ozone water disinfection<\/h3>\n<p>Ozonetech offers premium disinfection technology. Our production of ozone generation systems is done in our facility in H\u00e4gersten, a few kilometers south of Stockholm. The ozone system can be readily installed to a side-stream of an existing water treatment system or in-line. Ozonetech also offers complete water treatment systems. Therefore, we have experience in established technologies like UV-treatment and chlorination. The following text will provide some fundamentals in water disinfection to give a better understanding of the best available technology for different cases.<\/p>\n<h4>Ozone advantage in water disinfection<\/h4>\n<p>Disinfection of water using ozone is advantageous compared to more traditional methods, such as chlorine or UV disinfection. Firstly, ozone is more effective at deactivating viruses and bacteria than any other disinfection treatment, while at the same time requiring very little contact time, thus reducing the overall treatment residence time while simultaneously leaving no chemical residues.<\/p>\n<p>Due to the high oxidation potential, ozone will effectively degrade microbes and viruses, causing cell membrane rupture and decomposition of essential biomolecular components in for example bacteria. The image below shows an example that ozone can be used to oxidize hydrocarbons in the same way it does in a disinfection process.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1372 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/ozone_oxidation_reaction-300x177.png\" alt=\"Hydrocarbon ozone oxidation\" width=\"300\" height=\"177\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/ozone_oxidation_reaction-300x177.png 300w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/ozone_oxidation_reaction-1024x605.png 1024w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/ozone_oxidation_reaction-768x454.png 768w, https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/ozone_oxidation_reaction.png 1253w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>As with all disinfectants, it is important to respect ozone as a disinfectant. Therefore, Ozonetech has developed control and monitoring systems for controlling ozone dosage and ensuring the safety of the surrounding working environment. One major advantage of an ozone system is that no chemical handling is required after the system has been installed and commissioned.<\/p>\n<p>Another great advantage of ozone is that there are essentially no harmful residuals from the treatment, as ozone undergoes a natural decomposition in water. The time for the decomposition ranges from a few minutes to a few hours depending on the water quality (temperature, pH, COD\/BOD-value). Ozone treatment also prevents re-growth of micro-organisms, provided that the other processes in the disinfection process have been successful in reducing particulates in the wastewater stream. Ozone is also produced on site and does not require shipping or handling, thus removing complications like safety and environmental issues associated with chemical handling and a cheaper process in general.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Disinfection efficiency<\/h4>\n<p>As already stated above ozonation will enable efficient disinfection. The disinfection efficiency is commonly measured using the CT-value (concentration multiplied by time for the disinfection). Ozonation provides protection against essentially all toxic and harmful unwanted microbes. The CT-values for a range of germs are listed in the table below.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content table-wrapper \" style=\"--table-text-color-header: #FFFFFF; --table-text-color-rows: #000000; --table-background-color-header: #5f5f5f; --table-background-color-rows-even: #efefef; --table-background-color-rows-odd: #dfdfdf; \">\n                            \n<table id=\"tablepress-24\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-24\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Microorganism<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Required \/ CT-value (mg, min\/L)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Bacillus<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Clostridium botulinum spores<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Cryptosporidium<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">E. coli<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Encephalomyocarditis virus<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Giardia cycts<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Legionella pneumophila<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Polio virus type 1<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Pseudomonas<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1.5 \u2013 2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-11\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Salmonella<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.1 \u2013 0.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-12\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Staphulococcus<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1.5 \u2013 2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-13\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Streptococcus<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-24 from cache -->                                <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <p>In order to compare various disinfection agents, a brief summary table is presented below for various common types of microbes typically used for benchmarking by the US EPA and WHO for disinfection efficiency among different methods.<\/p>\n<p><em>Benchmarking table for comparison of various disinfection agents and their efficiencies using CT-value (mg.min\/L)*. Adopted from US EPA, CDC and WHO.<\/em><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content table-wrapper wp-caption\" style=\"--table-text-color-header: #FFFFFF; --table-text-color-rows: #000000; --table-background-color-header: #5f5f5f; --table-background-color-rows-even: #efefef; --table-background-color-rows-odd: #dfdfdf; \">\n                            \n<table id=\"tablepress-25\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-25\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Type<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Log inactivation<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">Ozone<\/th><th class=\"column-4\">Hypochlorite<\/th><th class=\"column-5\">Chlorine dioxide<\/th><th class=\"column-6\">Free chlorine<\/th><th class=\"column-7\">Peracetic acid (PAA)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">E. coli<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">2<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><0.02<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">25-30<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><1<\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><0.05<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">25-30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Virus<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">4<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><0.1<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><0.1<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">25-30<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">6<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">Otillr\u00e4ckliga resultat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Protozoa<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">3<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">1-2<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">10-20<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">15-25<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">>100<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">Otillr\u00e4ckliga resultat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-25 from cache -->                                        <p class=\"wp-caption\">*It is important to note that the measurability of CT-values are not exact and that research reports different inactivation efficiency, but with consistent relative values. Use the table above as an indication.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <p>Generally, it can be said that spores are much more resistant. They tend to show CT-values about 10 to 15 times higher than the organisms\u2019 active form. It is also important to mention that in most cases there is a disinfection \u201cthreshold\u201d. Up to this point, the treatment will have a limited or low effect on the microorganisms. However, above the threshold value, essentially all microbes of the same species will be destroyed.\u00a0In other words, there is a minimum concentration required in order to achieve efficient disinfection.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Common water disinfection technologies<\/h4>\n<p>There are a variety of technologies to disinfect fluids and surfaces. Ozonetech can supply several disinfection technologies with an emphasis on environmentally friendly solutions. These technologies are listed below:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ozonation \u2013 Dissolving a low concentration of ozone into the water, providing rapid and efficient water disinfection.<\/li>\n<li>Ultraviolet (UV) radiation \u2013 Irradiating the water with UV-beams.<\/li>\n<li>Chlorination \u2013 Dosing chlorine compounds to the water resulting in a residual disinfecting chemical concentration.<\/li>\n<li>Other technologies include e.g. bromine, peracetic acid, iodine, copper and silver ions, potassium permanganate, phenols, detergents, hydrogen peroxide, ultrasonication, and heat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Every technique has its specific advantages and its own application area. In the table below some of the advantages and disadvantages are shown. Attributes for each technology are ranked from 1 (weak) to 5 (strong):<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content table-wrapper \" style=\"--table-text-color-header: #FFFFFF; --table-text-color-rows: #000000; --table-background-color-header: #5f5f5f; --table-background-color-rows-even: #efefef; --table-background-color-rows-odd: #dfdfdf; \">\n                            \n<table id=\"tablepress-26\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-26\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Technology<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Ozone<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">UV<\/th><th class=\"column-4\">Chlorine dioxide<\/th><th class=\"column-5\">Chlorine gas<\/th><th class=\"column-6\">Peracetic acid<\/th><th class=\"column-7\">Hypochlorite<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Environmentally friendly<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">5<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">5<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">3<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">1<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">2<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">By-products<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">5<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">5<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">2<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">1<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">2<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Efficiency (CT-value)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">5<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">3<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">3<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">2<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">2<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Investment<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">2<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">3<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">4<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">4<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">4<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Operational costs<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">5<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">4<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">3<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">4<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">4<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Fluids<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">5<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">4<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">5<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">3<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">3<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Surfaces<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">5<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">5<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">1<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">1<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">1<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Residual disinfection<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">3<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">1<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">5<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">5<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">4<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Handling<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">5<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">4<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">3<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">3<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">2<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-11\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><bold>Sum points<\/bold><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">40<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">34<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">29<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">24<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">24<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-26 from cache -->                                <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <p>It is difficult to make a general comparison to represent all applications and water qualities. However, as can be seen in the table above, when comparing typical water disinfection attributes ozonation stands out as an environmentally friendly, robust, compatible, and effective water disinfection treatment.<\/p>\n<p>In the table below a few typical applications can be found:<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content table-wrapper \" style=\"--table-text-color-header: #FFFFFF; --table-text-color-rows: #000000; --table-background-color-header: #5f5f5f; --table-background-color-rows-even: #efefef; --table-background-color-rows-odd: #dfdfdf; \">\n                            \n<table id=\"tablepress-27\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-27\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Technology<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Applications and industries<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Ozone disinfection<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Process feed and effluent water<br \/>\nDrinking water<br \/>\nUltra-pure water<br \/>\nSurface disinfection<br \/>\nPharmaceutical industry<br \/>\nSwimming pools<br \/>\nLegionella treatment<br \/>\nContinuous residual disinfection of e.g. piping<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">UV disinfection<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Process feed and effluent water<br \/>\nDrinking water<br \/>\nOzone destruction<br \/>\nUltra-pure water<br \/>\nSurface disinfection<br \/>\nSwimming pools<br \/>\nLegionella treatment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Chlorine Disinfection<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Drinking water<br \/>\nSwimming pools<br \/>\nContinuous residual disinfection of e.g. piping<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-27 from cache -->                                <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h4>Disinfection prerequisites<\/h4>\n<p>Drinking water disinfection is linked to other water purification steps. Proper disinfection can only take place when the water is sufficiently pretreated. In many cases, the disinfection process is one of the final steps in a water treatment system. In, for example, drinking water treatment the disinfection step is pretreated by screening, sedimentation, flocculation, and sand filtration. At this point, the water will be suitable for final disinfection.<\/p>\n<p>Dissolved and insoluble particulates should be removed from the water, since they may cause disinfection byproducts (especially when using chlorination) and also since the particles may contain substrate (food) for pathogenic growth. Moreover, microorganisms are harder to remove from water when they are adsorbed to particles. The concentrations of undissolved particles in water should be reduced below 1 mg\/l prior to disinfection.<\/p>\n<p>Other chemical compounds from human or natural sources also influence the performance of the disinfection treatment. The chemicals may react with disinfectants creating unwanted byproducts.<\/p>\n<p>This may increase the amount of required disinfectant to remove microorganisms and viruses.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section\n    id=\"aroma\"\n    class=\"block content-block\"\n\tstyle=\"--cb-bg: #e6e6e6; --cb-content: #000; padding-top: 30px; padding-bottom: 30px;\"\n>\n    \n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h3>Aroma compound treatment with ozone<\/h3>\n<p>In the beverage and brewery industry operators and quality managers grapple with aroma (flavor) compounds cross-contamination. In mineral water production, aromas used for flavored products are often transferred between production cycles since they may be difficult to remove. In the brewing industry, especially at plants where both beer and cider are produced in the same fermentation and filling machines, flavor compounds in cider may transfer into beer. These quality issues are often combatted with long and intense cleaning cycles using large amounts of chemicals and\/or hot water or steam.<\/p>\n<p>The result from using strong aroma compounds may result in cider-tasting beer or natural water with orange or blueberry secondary taste due to previous production batches. Flavor compounds are prone to be absorbed by sealing materials present in all process equipment such as heat exchangers, flavor mixing tanks or pipe connections.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <p>The characteristics of flavor compounds<\/p>\n<p>Flavor substances (synonymous with aroma compounds) are typically esters or aromatic compounds with multiple instances of double or triple covalent bonds. There may be hundreds of different aroma compounds in fruits and synthetic or extracted substances used in the beverage industry today. The table below shows a number of typical compounds and their respective characteristics.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content table-wrapper \" style=\"--table-text-color-header: #FFFFFF; --table-text-color-rows: #000000; --table-background-color-header: #5f5f5f; --table-background-color-rows-even: #efefef; --table-background-color-rows-odd: #dfdfdf; \">\n                            \n<table id=\"tablepress-28\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-28\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Namn<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Beskrivning<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">Chemical structure<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Hexanal<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Common naturally occurring substances which gives a taste of bitter almond.<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Limonene<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Compounds used for orange and lemon beverages or bottled water production.<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Decanal<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">One of the major aroma compounds in citrus.<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Fructone<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Used for apple and pineapple flavoring.<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Vanillin<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Vanilla flavor.<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Ethyl acetate<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Also named ethyl ethanoate and gives a sweet smell used in many food and beverage products.\t<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-28 from cache -->                                <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <p>One of the most striking similarities between all the flavors, including the above, is that they contain at least one covalent double bond. Ozone immediately reacts to these chemical bonds and initiates a chain reaction involving radicals and by-products from the oxidation of the aromas. The reaction usually transforms entirely to carbon dioxide and water, but the simple oxidation of the aromas causes the taste effect to disappear. This process is similar to that which occurs when desinfection with ozone in water.<\/p>\n<h4>Ozone treatment of aroma transfer<\/h4>\n<p>As mentioned above, aroma compounds are prone to remain in the process equipment after a production cycle. Ozone treatment in the system is done in the same way as when ozone is used in a CIP treatment. A typical ozone concentration for most effective removal of flavors is around 3 ppm in the water phase in the CIP fluid. A typical application is to rinse the process equipment with ozonated water. Please read more about how to perform CIP with ozone technology and filling machine and bottle rinsing.<\/p>\n<p>If ozone is used as the primary disinfection technique in the CIP processes at the brewery, this can also be used as a taste removal method.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section\n    id=\"other\"\n    class=\"block content-block\"\n\tstyle=\"--cb-bg: #fff; --cb-content: #000; \"\n>\n    \n\n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--narrow\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-12 editor_content\">\n            <h3>\u00d6vriga applikationer med ozonbehandling<\/h3>\n<p>Ozone treatment can also be used in many other water treatment applications such as the following:<\/p>\n<h4>Aquariums and water parks<\/h4>\n<p>Used in the facility\u2019s internal treatment system, where ozone provides a powerful disinfecting effect in the circulating water. Read more here!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>Ballast water<\/h4>\n<p>Ozone treatment is an applicable alternative for spent ballast water before it is released. Thanks to the high oxidation potential of the ozone, it ensures inactivation of microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. Read more here!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>Car washes<\/h4>\n<p>In residual water from car washes, ozone cleaning contributes with a strong disinfecting effect that removes mold, virus and bacteria. Read more here!<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section\n    id=\"\"\n    class=\"block content-block\"\n\tstyle=\"--cb-bg: #fff; --cb-content: #000; \"\n>\n    \n<div class=\"container-fluid editor_content content content--full\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-md-6\">\n            <p><!-- SharpSpring Form for Contact Us (EN) - OzoneAcademy --><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\nvar ss_form = {'account': 'MzawMDE3MzI2BwA', 'formID': 'M0u1ME40TDTWTbNIsdQ1MU0x0E1KSjHXNbMwNk80MDVNMTE3AgA'};\nss_form.width = '100%';\nss_form.height = '1000';\nss_form.domain = 'app-3QNJA1Z2XY.marketingautomation.services';\nss_form.hidden = {'3407593475': 'EN'}; \/\/ Modify this for sending hidden variables, or overriding values\n\/\/ ss_form.target_id = 'target'; \/\/ Optional parameter: forms will be placed inside the element with the specified id\n\/\/ ss_form.polling = true; \/\/ Optional parameter: set to true ONLY if your page loads dynamically and the id needs to be polled continually.\n<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/koi-3QNJA1Z2XY.marketingautomation.services\/client\/form.js?ver=2.0.1\"><\/script><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"col-md-6\">\n            <p><strong><span style=\"color: #00a3e1;\">Mellifiq Academy<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Elektrav\u00e4gen 53<br \/>\n<span class=\"highlight\">126 30 H\u00e4gersten, Sweden<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"highlight\">TEL: <a href=\"tel:+46102523000\">+46 10 252 30 00<\/a><\/span>\u00a0(Weekdays between 08.00-17.00)<br \/>\n<span class=\"highlight\"><br class=\"blank\" \/><i class=\"fa fa-facebook-square\"><\/i>\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-linkedin-square\"><\/i>\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-twitter-square\"><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"parent":875,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-oa.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-244","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/244","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=244"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/244\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2138,"href":"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/244\/revisions\/2138"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/875"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/academy.mellifiq.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=244"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}